英语argumentation范文 第1篇

2006中考英语作文面面观-说明文

指导方法

说明文是用说明的表达方式来解说事物，阐明事理。说明文的种类很多，主要有事物说明文和事理说明文。要写好说明文，应该注意以下几点：

第一、抓住事物特点即本质特征，从而使读者获得全面、深刻的认识。

第二、安排说明顺序。说明文常用的结构安排有下列三种：时间顺序；空间顺序；逻辑顺序。有时说明复杂的`事物，常常将几种说明顺序结合运用。

第三、讲穷说明方法。写好事物说明文，不仅要抓住特征，注意条理，而且要巧妙运用说明方法，像下定义、举例子、作比较、分类别、列数字、画图表、打比方等，这样类别清楚，层次分明，增强说明的生动性、形象性，使被说明事物的特征变得鲜明突出，可以把复杂的事物说得清楚、直观。

第四、说明语言要准确、简明、通俗、生动。因为说明文的写作目的，是对事物作有条理的、客观的、科学的介绍和解释。

经典范例

中国加入 WTO 后，有一大批外国人来我市――河源参观。假设你是导游，请根据以下内容，向外宾简单介绍我市的情况。

要求： 1. 100 词左右； 2. 要点包括： a. 有悠久的历史，位于广东的东北部，离广州 198 公里，人口约 324 万。 b. 有许多名胜古迹，如苏家围（ Sujiawei ）；万绿湖（ WanluLake ）等等；万绿湖是一个很美丽的地方，湖水清澈，无污染；湖中有各种各样的鱼；你可以到那里划船，野餐，钓鱼，是度假的好去处。你也可以去参观河源市博物馆，在那里你可以看到许多恐龙化石（ fossil ）。c. 祝大家在河源玩得愉快。

Ladies and gentlemen，

Welcome to Heyuan， now let me introduce our city ― Heyuan to you.

___________________________________________________

（ 2005 广东河源）

中考满分作文欣赏

Ladies and gentlemen,

Welcome to Heyuan, now let me introduce our city ― Heyuan to you. Heyuan is a city with a long history. It is in the northeast of Guangdong and 198 kilometres away from Guangzhou. It has a population of 3,240,000.

There are many places of interest in Heyuan, such as Sujiawei Wanlu Lake and so on. Wanlu Lake is a beautiful place. The water is clean and not polluted. There are all kinds of fish in it. You can go boating, go fishing and have a picnic there. It is really a good place to spend your holiday. Besides, you can go and visit Heyuan Museum. There you can see a lot of dinosaur egg fossils.

I hope you can enjoy yourselves in Heyuan.

Thank you.

英语argumentation范文 第2篇

举个例子：ETS 官方提供的GRE6分高分范文在开头就突出了warrant list 中的“other causes”以及。可见只要用对思考框架，再难的题也能够突破。The notion that protective gear reduces the injuries suffered in accidents seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, it is the intent of these products to either preventing accidents from occurring in the first place or to reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should an accident occur. However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly reduces the risk of being severely injured in an accident may mask other (and potentially more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective 模型在托福雅思写作中的运用 对于雅思托福语言考试而言，本身的大作文写作并不要求考生写一篇能够具有超强说服效力的文章，但是几乎所有大作文的评分标准对于Coherence & Cohesion（连贯和紧密）都有要求。这意味着，只要有topic sentence（中心主旨句），就必然需要有效的论证套路。虽然托福雅思论证对于Warrant（论证依据）要求不高，但不是完全没有要求。所以，这绝对不意味着我们可以完全不要求自己把例证和观点用论述连接起来。事实上，很多同学在写作中都仅仅用一些例子堆砌在论点后面，而忽略了例子和论点之间的内在逻辑有无密切关联。

如：学生反例1：First of all, some people want to spend with one or two friends. Those people always take care of their friends very well. For example, when they have a party they can invite everyone to their home even though it is small. Also they can talk with friend before the party is over.

（例子为了证明take care of friends very well, 那照顾朋友与want to spend one or two friends之间是否有必然联系呢？显然没有。即使有，也需要写清楚。） 学生反例2：To begin with, we should save water because it is very can use water to plant trees and grow vegetables. We can use water to take baths. We can also use water to wash clothes. And there are so many things that need water.（错误点：列举different use 是否能够证明valuable?） 由于字数篇幅、考试写作时间，以及考生本身认知能力的局限性，即使是托福雅思高分文章，也未必要把例证与结论中间的步骤再分一块单独详细地写完整。 学生的例证的描述中说清楚与claim的基本逻辑关联，能够自圆其说就可以了。

如学生正例：School education could teach students about team cooperation. For example, teachers sometimes ask students to participate in group activities such as basketball games, group presentations, and experiments. All these activities teach students how to be qualified team players.

点评：

已经在举例中列举的活动都是一目了然的团队活动，根据common sense和正常人的逻辑，完全可以理解这些活动能够“team cooperation”。

又如，《剑桥真题集6》中考官认为very good的一段：Those who feel that sports stars’ salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time he performs in his relatively short career. The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings.

点评：

虽然此段的Topic sentence与后面论证中有诸多问题，但是不妨碍“自圆其说”。段落中有2个层次论证：

1.天赋异禀的人很少，钱可以体现天赋的价值，提供动力Warrant: the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person need to be successful 2.列举了例子：激烈的竞争，职业生涯短暂，被监管的压力，没有个人隐私。但是最终回归到了“正是这些痛苦justify the huge earnings.”Warrant: Pressure and sacrifices due to the sports career may justify the huge earnings.

相信大部分的托雅考生都能写出来data和claim，其实这样离完整论证只有一步之遥！大家目前应该在warrant上多花功夫！我每每批改完作文，当面和童鞋们点评交流时，总能从他们那里问出很多写作文时的“内心戏”，这些 explanation in between 如果能够当初写在文章里的话，行文逻辑肯定会有提升。希望各位不再“欲说还休”，积极使用 Data-Warrant-Claim 的逻辑结构。毕竟，写作文，“头势清爽”很重要。 参考书目：

Stephen Toulmin,

, Cambridge University Press, 2003. Qu WG,

, High Education Press, 2007.

ETS, 2010.

英语argumentation范文 第3篇

1、你接受了一项写作任务，为英语校报写一篇科技报道。

写作内容：请根据以下信息，介绍国外医疗行业出现的一项新技术。内容包括：

技术名称：DNA检测

检测方法：唾液样本分析

检测费用：125英镑

检测时长：4到6周

检测用途：1.预测重大疾病 2.预知食物偏好 3.提示合适的锻炼方式

检测影响：1.增强健康意识 2.易引起过度焦虑

唾液样本：saliva sample

写作要求：只能用5个句子表达全部内容

高分范文：

A new technology, DNA test, has appeared recently as good news for some people. All they have to do is to pay 125 pounds, give testers their saliva sample and wait for 4 to 6 weeks. The result can help them see how much chance they have of getting serious disease, what they love to eat and what exercise suits them most. The medical report may raise their awareness of keeping fit. However, it may give rise to unnecessary anxiety in some people as well.

英语argumentation范文 第4篇

一、介绍性说明文的写作步骤：

第一段：开头对要说明的事物或事情简要介绍(点题)

第二段：主提按照题目提供的信息分层次，按照一定的顺序进行说明，注意语言的客观简明。

第三段：结尾照应开头(题目没有特殊要求，不要对此事物发表看法)

二、常用的词句

1. 表达时间

1)a long time ago， 2) at six o’clock in the morning， 3)at the end of，

4)at the weekend， 5)before he came here， 6) by the end of last term，

7)during the summer holidays， 8)in a few years’ time， 9)in the past，

10)in the old days， 11)in the past ten years， 12) in August ，

13)in winter vacation， 14) in weekdays， 15) last month， 16) next week，

17)on Sunday morning， 18)on October 1st

19)since early in the 20th century， 20)so far， 21)up to now， 22) not…until， 23)while ， 24)in the 1930’s ( in the thirties of the twentieth century)

25)January， February， March ， April， May， June， July， August， September， October， November， December

2. 表达地点

1)at the crossing， 2) at the end of the street， 3)at the airport， at the village，

4)at the foot of the mountain， 5)at the bottom， 6)at the top of，

7) be located in， 8) behind the park， 9)be situated in，

10)five kilometers to the north of Guangzhou，

11)in the south of Guangdong Province， 12)in the middle of the park，

13)in Class 3 Grade 2， 14)in front of the bus， 15) in the tree，

16)in Guangdong， 17) in China，

18)lies to the west of Sichuan， 19)on the other side of the street，

20)on both sides of the road， 21) on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean ，

22)on the right。

3. 表达因果

as， as a result， because， because of， for， in the end， cause， result in， consequently， originate from， since， so， therefore， It is clear that… ， It turns out to be… ， The primary reason is … ， etc.

4. 常用指路句子

1)Go along the street and take the second turning on the left/turn left at the second crossing沿着这条街往前走，在第二个十字路口向左拐。

2)Cross the bridge/Go across the bridge.过桥

3)Go on until you reach the end. 一直往前走，直到尽头。

4)It’s about 100 meters along on the right. 它就在前面靠右大约100米处。

5)Go along the street until you come to the traffic lights. 沿这条路一直走到红绿灯那儿。

6)Turn right / left at the second crossing. (Take the second turning on the right / left.) 在第二个十字路口向右 / 左转弯。

7)Take a number 46 bus， and get off at the square. 坐46路公共汽车，在广场下车。

8)It‘s on the corner of Huaihai Street and Xizang Road. 在淮海路和西藏路的路口。

9)Go straight ahead along the bund and then turn left. 沿着外滩往前走，然后往走转弯。

10)It’s only about ten minutes‘ walk. (D) 那儿离这儿只有走大约10分钟的路。

My home is not far from here. It’s only five minutes walk. 我家离这儿不远，走5分钟就到。

It is one hour’ ride from Shanghai to Suzhou. 从上海坐车到苏州有1小时的路程。

三、段落练习

1.这所中学是20世纪60年代建立的。全校目前有21个班，121位老师和1，031名学生。学生每天上七节课，放学后还有一小时的体育活动时间。该校的足球队是全市的冠军。

2.我的家乡是一个小镇。它位于河北的西部，天津的南面。虽然它很小但很漂亮。以前它很穷，现在发生了很大的变化。这里盖了许多新的工厂，学校和医院。路旁的树木和鲜花使得它显得很美丽。

3.我们的教学楼是一栋四层的楼房。老师的办公室在一层。二、三、四层共有24个教室。每个教室中有50套桌椅，一台电视机和一台录像机等物品。每层楼的顶端还各有一个语音教室。

4.金鸡牌闹钟(Gold Cock Alarm Clock)特点： 1)记时准确;2)外形多样、美观;3)闹声清脆悦耳; 4)经久耐用;5)用户评价高、行销世界各地;6)质优价廉。

Possible version：

school was set up in the 1960s. At present there are 21 classes， 1，031 students and 121 teachers in the school. The students have seven lessons every day and they have an hour for sports after class in the afternoon.。 This school is famous for its football team， which is the champion in the city.

hometown is a small one. It lies in the west of Hebei and to the south of Tianjin. Small as it is， it‘s very beautiful. It used to be very poor. Now great changes have taken place in my hometown. A lot of new factories， schools and hospitals have been set up. There are many flowers and trees on the roadside， which makes my hometown. all the more beautiful.

teaching building is a four-storeyed building.(Our teaching building is a building with four stories.) The teachers’ offices are on the first floor. There are 24 classrooms on the 2nd，3rd， and 4th floor. In each classroom there are 50 sets of chairs and desks. And each classroom is furnished with a TV set 。 At the end of each floor there is a language laboratory.

Gold Cock Alarm Clock has been warmly received by the people and is popular all over the world as its producer is equipped with(装备) the most advanced equipment and has a strict management. Being of high quality， the clock keeps good time and lasts a long time. It has various beautiful models. And the alarm is pleasant to hear. However， the price is reasonable.

英语argumentation范文 第5篇

It is important to make sure that others know about your strengths and accomplishments; if you are not so,you will be never successful in life.

If people are unaware of your talents and other good qualities, you obviously will not stand out among your peers. To be successful you not only have to work hard, but you have to make sure others know you work hard, as well. Of course you should let others know of your strength and accomplishments, but the best way to let them know is by showing, not by just telling.

College applications-or applications of any kind-are a perfect example. Colleges want what kind of student you are and what kind of student you will be in college. You must show them that you are a good student and that you are interested in whatever you want to study. But in the essay, you cannot just state that you are a good student, are hardworking, and enjoy mathematics; you must show them. If you are interested in mathematics, then you probably did something in high school related to mathematics, such as the math club. In your essay, you must be sure to mention your participation in math club, but also activities your math club in order to show colleges that you will be active in your mathematics major. If you simply state that you like math, colleges will not be as impressed.

It is important to let others know of your achievements; otherwise you will not be successful in life. The field of science can provide many examples of the validity of this statement. In science, communicating your discoveries is as important as discovery things in the first place. Everybody knows that the scientists Watson and Crick discovered the double-helix structure of DNA. Many people are not aware that this model was first theorized by a female scientist working in the same lab as Watson and Crick. However, Watson and Crick published their findings before the woman published her own findings. In science, credit is given to whoever publishes first, so the Watson and Crick are given full credit for the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA. In order to be successful, you must let other people know of your accomplishments.

Granted, there is a fine line between letting people know about your accomplishments and simply showing off.

Nobody likes a show-off, so you must be careful not to rub people the wrong way with your success. People always say that actions speak louder than words, which is good advice to keep in mind when you are trying to let other people

know of your success. Don't just tell people you're good at writing. Start a blog and show people how accomplished of a writer you are.

The key to success is to play to your strengths and to not be shy about showing other people your talents. (460 words)

英语argumentation范文 第6篇

In the past hundred years, there have heen frequent natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, mud-rock flows, seismic sea waves, earthquakes, windstorms and the stretching of new deserts. The disasters have killed millions upon millions of people, destroyed countless homes, and wiped out numerous pieces of fertile land. Now more and more people become aware that those disasters have much to do with what we have done to the earth. We have cut down too many trees in the forests,we have badly polluted the environment, we have shocked our own home-planet time and again with tremendously powerful explosions of nuclear bombs. As a result, climates have become abnormal, rainwater rushes down hillsides angrily, and the underground energy goes up to revenge itself on us. The earth is our only home-planet. It is urgent for us to stop damaging it, and to do our best to protect it and make it a lovely place suitable to live in, for we have nowhere to go and survive except where we are now.

翻译：在过去的一百年里，这里发生了频繁的自然灾害，如洪水、干旱、泥石流、地震、海浪、地震、风暴和延伸的新沙漠。灾难夺走了无数人的生命，摧毁了无数家园，摧毁了无数片肥沃的土地。现在越来越多的人意识到这些灾难与我们对地球所做的有很大关系。我们砍伐了太多的森林树木，我们严重污染了环境，我们用极其强大的核弹爆炸一次又一次震惊了我们的家园地球。结果，气候变得异常，雨水愤怒地冲下山坡，地下能量上升，对我们进行报复。地球是我们唯一的家园。我们迫切需要停止破坏它，并尽我们最大的努力来保护它，使它成为一个可爱的适合居住的地方，因为我们没有地方去和生存除了我们现在。

英语argumentation范文 第7篇

As we know, our country suffered heavy ice early . Everything was covered with freezing rain. Guizhou, Hunan and Sichuan suffered the most. It caused the buses, trains and planes stop service. The disaster destroyed power facilities, cutting power supplies in many areas. As a result, huge economic loss was caused. Many people could not work and live normally. There was no food, water or light in some places. Our government called on people to fight against heavy snow. As a student, I think we should learn from those heroes. We must study hard at school. We should learn all kinds of knowledge to make our motherland stronger, better and richer.

翻译：正如我们所知，我们的国家在初遭受了严重的冰雪灾害。一切都被冻雨覆盖着。贵州、湖南和四川受灾最严重。它导致公共汽车、火车和飞机停止服务。这场灾难摧毁了电力设施，切断了许多地区的电力供应。结果造成了巨大的经济损失。许多人不能正常工作和生活。有些地方没有食物、水和阳光。我们的政府号召人民与大雪作斗争。作为一名学生，我认为我们应该向那些英雄学习。我们必须在学校努力学习。我们应该学习各种知识，使我们的祖国更强大，更好，更富有。

英语argumentation范文 第8篇

一、写作导航

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁明了的文字介绍事物、解释事理的文章。它是一种应用性很强的文体。凡是对事物的类别、性质、特征、状态、功能等进行解释，以及对事物的发生、发展、消亡过程进行解说的文章，都属于说明文。说明的目的是让读者有所知，给读者提供知识，使之了解客观世界，掌握问题的解决办法。说明文的基本特点就是具有知识性、科学性、应用性、解说性、条理性。常见的说明文有：解说词、说明书、书文简介、科普小品、内容提要等，它们或者用来介绍人物，或者用来介绍事物，或者用来解释概念，或者用来解说论据。

说明文常用现在时，但有时也会用到过去时，将来时等其它时态。

1． 人物介绍

简要地介绍某个人的情况，叫做人物介绍。随着社会的发展，人们对信息的输出和输入愈来愈重视。在学习、工作和生活中，常要介绍自己、推销自己或宣传他人，都要作人物介绍。写人物介绍，首先要全面了解这个人，然后根据目的的需要选写内容，简明扼要而突出重点地介绍，力求真实准确，恰如其分。

写人物介绍一般包括以下几点：

1） 出生年月 2）主要经历 3）事迹成就 4）影响、评价

叙述方法：一般按照时间顺序，从外形到性格，从一般经历到创造性的贡献，最后常有结论性的评语。

2． 物体、地点介绍

当我们对某个事物的性质、状态、特点、成因、功能和用途等作介绍时，当我们把某一地点介绍给别人时，写出来的文字材料就叫做事物、地点介绍。

对于地点的介绍，常采用地点的空间方位作为介绍的顺序。它能把复杂的地理位置，通过分层说明，详尽而有条理地解说清楚明白，给读者一个具体的位置，清晰的印象。

根据说明地点的结构特点、介绍顺序一般有定位观察顺序和移位观察顺序。

1） 定位观察顺序

先确定一个固定的观察点，然后或上或下，或左或右，或远或近，按合理的顺序，从不同的方位、角度介绍说明的地点。

2） 移位观察顺序

英语argumentation范文 第9篇

根据漫画，请以“烟”为题，用英语写一篇短文，描述下面的内容，并就此发表你的评论。

要求：1. 文章必须包括描述和评论两部分;根据内容适当发挥，注意行文连贯。

2. 词数：100词左右。

【预测依据】

看图类写作是高考写作的热点之一，具有一定的难度。内容上多为中学生日常生活中熟悉的经历，社会热点，具有一定的交流性、应用性、时代性、教育性。

【写作指导】

1.要审清写作要求。

2.此题只提供了一幅相关的图画信息。通过观察及写作要求，我们可以确定：(1)体裁：夹叙夹议;(2)人称：须用第三人称;(3)时态：可用一般现在时。

4.增加细节，连贯成文，做到层次分明，结构严谨，并准确选用相关词语、句型表达图画内容。

【参考范文】

Smoke

This is a funny and instructive picture. In the picture, a young man is smoking happily in a factory when he sees a sign which means “No smoking” on the wall. But he finds that the factory is giving off large quantities of heavy smoke which makes him feel very puzzled, “Why does the factory forbid people to smoke while the factory itself emits so much poisonous smoke?”

Nowadays, many factories know the danger of smoking to themselves and don’t allow people smoking in the factory. However, they don’t pay any attention to the danger that they cause to the whole society. And they let out lots of polluted smoke which does great harm to our environment.

In my opinion, we could live without most of the industrial products, but we could not survive without nature! Therefore, something must be done to prevent the pollution caused by all factories!

英语argumentation范文 第10篇

Charlie Chaplin was born in 1889 in London. He came from a family of artists. His mother was an actress and his father was an actor. He started dancing and singing for money in 1894. In 1904, he went to America and he became a film director in 1914. He made many funny films from 1914 to 1966. He died in 1977. Many people were very sad at the news. People all over the world will remember him forever.

英语argumentation范文 第11篇

英语说明文写作技巧

1.罗列法(listing)

在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中，下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的：

Early Rising

Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First， it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides， we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。

Secondly， early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning， and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

Thirdly， early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring， so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

Fourthly， early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work， such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise， makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”

罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：

There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …

We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，

必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。

2.举例法(examples)

举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的：

Recreation

It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation (娱乐)。 The mind， too， needs change to make it fresh and vigorous (有活力的) There is much truth in the old saying， All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“

There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done， for instance， football， tennis， and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating， fishing， gardening， cycling， walking， chess-playing， and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles (肌肉) with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work (体力活) should adopt (采纳) reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation， but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience， and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (轻松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor， chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

可以看出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。

3.比较法(comparison and contrast)

比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法，比如：

From Paragraph to Essay

Although they are different in length (长度)， the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure (结构)。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence (主题句) or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the topic focus (主题所在) Next， the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory (引导的) paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence (结束句) ——whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions (例外)， most well written expository (说明文的) paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.

可以看出，在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。

European Football and American Football

Although European football is the parent of American football， the two games show several major differences. European football， sometimes called association football or soccer， is played in 80 countries， making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football， on the other hand， is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada)。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football， also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions (位置) on the field， is played with an elongated (拉长的') round ball. Soccer has little body contact (接触) between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football， in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates， needs special protective equipment. In soccer， the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (顶) it with the head. In American football， on the other hand， the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's (对手) goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish (区别) association and American football.

这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。

4.定义法(definition)

定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是：

被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语

可以看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：

A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on(以……为食品)fruit and insects but is not a bird.

其实，在英—英词典中，对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如，看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession (专业)。

5.顺序法(sequence of time， space and process)

顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。

Coal

Coal underwent (经受) many changes before it became the bright， brittle (脆的)， black substance which we now use. During ancient times (在上古时代)， when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate， the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on， the ground changed and began to sink (下沉) a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit (沉淀) of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.

Generations after generations (几世纪后)， as the ground kept gradually sinking， another layer of sand and clay was again deposited (积聚) above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted (作用) and the peat (泥煤) was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.

Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine (煤矿)。 In China， coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.

6.分类法(classification)

分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如：著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(Of Studies)一文中就用到了分类法：

Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested， that is， some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously， and some few to be read wholly， and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…

英语argumentation范文 第12篇

People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pollution. Pollution is caused either by man’s release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment, or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance, such as oil from oil tankers into the sea.

The whole industrial process which makes many of the goods and machines we need and use in our daily lives, is bound to create a number of waste products which upset the environmental balance, or the ecological balance as it is also known. Many of these waste products can be prevented or disposed of sensibly, but clearly while more and more new and complex goods are produced there will be new, dangerous wastes to be disposed of, for example, the waste products from nuclear power stations. Many people, therefore, see pollution as only part of a larger and more complex problem, that is, the whole process of industrial production and consumption of goods.

Others again see the problem mainly in connection with agriculture, where new methods are helping farmers grow more and more on their land to feed our ever-increasing populations. However, the land itself if gradually becoming worn out as it is being used, in some cases, too heavily, and artificial fertilizers cannot restore the balance.

Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts. In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste. Food comes wrapped up three or four times in packages that all have to be disposed of; drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which cannot be reused. This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, in terms of glass, metals and paper. Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need, but also to throw away much of what we do buy.

Pollution and waste combine to be a problem everyone can help to solve by

cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.

英语argumentation范文 第13篇

China is a frequent natural disasters and the country every year, in some areas drought, spate calamity, landslides, the frost, typhoons, the hail, the grass, waiting for disasters and pests and diseases should attack. the earthquake, disaster can also occur to the people's lives and property incurred severe losses.

because The humanity produces the activity not reasonably, has caused the environment worsening, the environment worsened suggestion or aggravated the natural disaster occurrence, but the natural disaster occurrence further destroyed the environment, has carried on the heartless retaliation to the humanity, this is a vicious order to prevent or slows down this vicious circle the occurrence and the extension, must display the human society fully the regulative function, the deference natural law, seeks the harmonious relations between the human and the natural environment, the improvement environment, reduces the disaster,creates the happier environmental condition for the human survival and the social development.

翻译：我国是一个自然灾害频繁而又严重的国家，每年都有一些地区遭受干旱、洪涝、滑坡、泥石流、台风、冰雹、霜冻、病虫鼠草等灾害的袭击，地震灾害也时有发生，给人民生命财产造成严重损失。

这是因为人类的不合理生产活动，导致了环境的恶化，环境的恶化诱发或加重了自然灾害的发生，而自然灾害的发生又进一步破坏了环境，对人类进行了无情的报复，这是一个恶性循环。为了防止或减缓这一恶性循环的发生和延续，就必须充分发挥人类社会的调控机能，遵循自然规律，在人与自然环境之间寻求和谐的关系，改善环境，减轻灾害，为人类生存和社会发展创造更加美好的环境条件。