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英语摘要范文(精选8篇)

105

英语摘要xxx 第1篇

Risks of Nuclear Power

The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation mainly comes form the radioactive can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in the rate of the latter is far less than the former. Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear the nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potential effects is “defence in depth”, so they happen probability is exceedingly small. If they all fails,very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact with people for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care. At other radiation problems,for example, exploitation of materials and transport of radioactive materials also produce effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.

Key words:radiation,risks,reactor accidents,radioactive waste

核电的风险

摘要:

核电的风险主要来自辐射对健康的危害,这些辐射主要来自于放射性材料。他们可以穿透人体深处,破坏生物细胞,从而引发癌症;如果他们破坏生殖细胞,可能导致遗传疾病。但是后者发生的概率远小于前者。核反应堆事故也是核电的风险之一,由于具有纵深防御的策略,它们发生的几率非常小。但是一旦发生,非常高的辐射剂量可以摧毁身体功能和在60天内导致死亡。核工业的放射性废物必须与人隔离很长时间,放射性的大部分包含在乏燃料,而且体积小,因此非常容易处理。在其它辐射问题上,如在核材料的开采和放射性物质的运输处理时也会产生辐射。但放射性物质从核电站释放的对人类健康的影响在某种程度上取决于它的处理方式。

关键词:辐射、风险、核反应堆事故、放射性废品。

中外文献资源总计亿+篇,外文期刊主要来源于国外知名学术期刊,收录了1995年以来世界各国出版的28000+种重要学术期刊,其中包含IEEE期刊258种、Springer、Elsevier、Taylor、Wiley,共计约3930万+篇,月更新5万篇以上。涵盖了理、工、医、农、社科、军事、法律、经济、哲学等诸多学科和行业的中外文献资源。

英语摘要xxx 第2篇

积累丰富的作文材料是写好作文的首要条件。

许多文章高手xxx捷,很重要的原因是他们脑子有一个丰富的材料库,写起文章来,就能得心应手,左右逢源。

同学们要写好作文,也必须花大力气积累作文材料。

作家xxx说:“一个作家应该有三个仓库:一个直接材料的仓库装从生活中得来的材料;一个间接仓库装书籍和资料中得来的材料,另一个就是日常收集的人民语言的仓库。

有了这三种,写起来就比较容易。

”这段话中说的前两个仓库正是同学们写好作文应必备的。

1、积累“从生活中得来的材料”,最好的方法是坚持写观察日记。

同学们写日记的通病是记流水帐,自己觉得没意思,也就懒得写了。

建议你们照xxx先生教的方法写:“你要仔细观察身旁的老王或xxx是什么性格,有哪些特点,随时注意,随时记下来……要天天记,养成一种习惯。

刮一阵风,你记下来;下一阵雨你也能记下来,因为不知道哪一天,你的作品里需要描写一阵风或一阵雨,你如果没有这种积累,就写不丰富。”

|2、积累“书籍和资料中得来的材料”,一方面靠课内阅读,把语文课堂中的阅读和写作结合起来;另一方面还要靠课外阅读,坚持写摘录式的读书笔记。

如果每段摘录用一张纸片,就是读书卡片。

俗话说:“好记忆不如烂笔头”。

记忆力再强,时间长了,要记的内容多了,总会遗忘一些。

如果一边读书,一边把认为很精彩的内容摘录下来,不仅能避免遗忘,而且翻阅起来也很方便。

所谓值得摘录的“精彩内容”。

与阅读者的兴趣、爱好、水平、需要等等因素有关,并无统一标准。

一般来说,精彩警策的语句,生动形象的描写,新颖深刻的观点,活泼有趣的对话乃至优美的词语,都可以分类摘录。

为了以后查阅方便,在摘录原文的后面注明材料的出处也是必要的。

不少同学写过摘录或读书笔记,但坚持写的不多。

一项有益的工作半途而废是很可惜的。

有人统计:马克思写《资本论》,写过“摘要”的书籍多达1500多种;列宁写《哲学笔记》,直接引用的哲学著作多达数十种。

像革命导师那样,坚持写摘录式读书笔记吧,它能使你成为聪明、充实、富有的人,能使你今后写作时xxx捷笔下生花。

二要按循序渐进的规律训练

提高写作能力不是一朝一夕的事,要有长期打算,因此,要安排好作文训练的序列。

怎样的序列是最合理的,从众多写作人才成长的过程中,我们看到了异彩纷飞的“序列”,还很难谈那一种是放之四海而皆准的真理。

下面介绍“七先七后”的训练序列,也许是比较具有普通意义的一种,请同学们根据自己的情况,参考使用。

1先练习写记叙、描写文章,后练习写说明、议论的文章。

2先练习写自己亲身经历的事,后练习写别人转述的事。

3先侧重训练观察和积累,后侧重训练分析和表达。

4先练习写单纯的事,后练习写复杂的事。

5先不受写作“框框”的限制,放开胆子写;后按不同文章的基本要求及特点作规范训练。

6先“模仿”,写依样画葫芦的文章;后“创造”,写新颖别致的文章。

7先力求把文章写长,强调扩展与铺陈;后力求把文章写短,讲究简洁凝炼。

英语摘要xxx 第3篇

英文文章摘要怎么写

英文文章摘要怎么写?

英文文章摘要xxx【1】

Abstract

The Joy Luck Clubis written by famous Chinese American writer Amy Tan in the end of 1980s. It isabout the experience of four mothers immigrating fromChinaand their four American born daughtersliving in theUnited States.

This paper mainly discusses the application of Mitchell’s Women’s Estate in The JoyLuck Club. Based on the position of women in society and family, writerthoroughly analyzes the oppressions on women.

The paper includes threechapters, theory of “Women’s Estate”, the position of women in The Joy Luck Club and consciousness-raisingreflected in the Joy Luck Club. Accordingly, it is reveals that the oppressionsgiven by men on women in families are inevitable, only can women have theability to liberate themselves.

KeyWords: women; families; oppressions; Mitchell’s“Women’s Estate”

论文英文标题、摘要等的写法【2】

1.英文题名(标题)

1) 题名的结构。

英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。

例如:Discussion About the Envy of Children an the Aged(儿童与老人之妒论略),Principles to Follow inEnrolling Talents in Higher Education Institutions(高校人才引进应遵循的原则)。

短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。

各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。

题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。

少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。

例如:Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。

2) 题名的字数。

题名不应过长。

总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好,一般不宜超过10个实词。

专家建议不要超过15个字,根据人的记忆特点,最好不超过12个字,否则不易记忆,最大限度一般不超过20个字。

3) 中英文题名的一致性。

同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。

在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。

4) 题名中的大小写。

题名字母的大小写有以下三种格式。

A.xxx母大写。

例如:DISCUSSION ABOUT THE ENVYOF CHIDREN AND THE AGED。

B.每个词的首字母大写,但三个或四个字母以下的虚词(介词、冠词、连词、感叹词)首字母小写,超过5个字母的虚词,如between、without、alongside、underneath等应该大写。

全部小写。

例如:From“Go-back-to-history”to Non-history —- A Criticism of New Historicism。

C.题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。

例如:Topographic inversion of interval velocities.一般采用B格式。

英语摘要xxx 第4篇

ABSTRACT

William Faulkner is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century.

As a leader ofAmerican “Southern Renaissance”, he won the Nobel Prize of literature in 1949 for “hispowerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”.

(Faulkner,1949) Light in August is one of his masterpieces which explore moral themes related tothe decline of the old South.

This thesis primarily concentrates on hard-to-defineidentity of the protagonist-Joe Christmas with the application of the post-colonialisttheory.

Identity, from the perspective of post-colonialism, is a dynamic process ofconstruction involved with historical and social elements.

It is neither natural nor stable,but invented and constructed outside.

In the novel, Joe Christmas is regarded as amulatto suspect because of his birth riddle, despite the fact that there is no clearevidence about his uncertainty.

Caged within the racism-rooted southern society, Joe'suncertain identity sets him onto the tragic life, for this ambiguity itself is a threat to thestability of the community.

On the one hand, Joe is in the endless pursuit of his ownidentity under the influence of society.

He is so obsessed with locating his own positionand seeking the sense of belonging that he cannot find peace in deep heart.

It turns outthat all his efforts fail, without satisfactory consequences.

In a certain sense, Joe createsthe predicament for himself.

Having failed to apply the strategy of hybridity inpost-colonialism to fight back the society, Joe is doomed to be ostracized andabandoned by the mainstream white society.

He is like a round peg in a square hole,wavering between the white and the black community all his lifetime.

On the other hand,the whole society is keen to pin down Joe's clear identity in his own will, regardless ofJoe's intention.

In a hierarchical society, it is the racial prejudice and different socialpowers that create and construct Joe as a part nigger.

There are four chapters in the thesis besides Introduction and Conclusion parts.

Chapter One is the literature review of Light in August both at home and abroad.

Chapter Two gives an overview of the post-colonialist theories, especially theories ofidentity construction, which constitutes the theoretical foundation.

Chapters Three andFour are the main body, respectively analyzing both the internal and external elementsof Joe's identity dilemma in the light of the post-colonial theories.

In conclusion, the indeterminacy of Joe Christmas' identity demonstrates that theessence of identity issue is not whether one is a black or not, but the social constructionof identity of human beings.

ABSTRACT

The term “intertextuality”, which was introduced by French literary critics JuliaKristeva in the 1960s, refers to the relationship between texts.

And it has been in thespotlight of the academic world since its debut.

Kristeva claims that every text isconstructed as a mosaic of quotations; every text is the absorption and transportation ofother texts.

The theory of intertextuality not only brings about great social, cultural andhistorical significance, but also stimulates a new thought and a refreshing researchperspective for the evolution of translation theory.

Biancheng, a novella that expresses the localism, is the masterpiece of the famousmodern Chinese writer Shen Congwen.

The story happened in a border town namedChadong of Xiangxi in the 1930s, and it depicts the special local flavor of Xiangxidistrict.

At the same time, the novel showcases the kindness of the humanity and thepurity of the soul by describing the tragic story of a girl called Cuicui.

The novel hasattracted lots of readers at home and abroad for its unique artistic charm and vivid localflavor.

The thesis deals with the two representative English versions of Biancheng, one isfrom the famous British translator Gladys Yang, the other is from the Americansinologist Jeffrey C.

Kinkley.

The author engages in the exploration of how to apply thetheory of intertextuality to the translation of novels from theory and practice and tries todig up a new perspective concerning the translation studies of Biancheng as an effort toprove the fact that the theory of intertextuality can not only be viewed as epistemologybut also be taken as methodology for the research of novel translation.

All in all, two research methods are included in this thesis.

First and foremost, thecombination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis runs through the wholethesis in order to reflect the frequency distribution for use of domestication andforeignization; in addition, the thesis mainly uses the case analysis, especially in themain body part.

It expounds the enlightenment the theory of intertextuality brings to thenovel translation by comparing different translations of the different Chineseculture-specific items (CSI) in terms of linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture.

The features of the application of the intertextuality into thetranslation studies are as follows: it pays much more attention to the translator'ssubjectivity and manifests the nature of translation activities as intertextuality in aclearer way.

Thus, it helps to build the new intertextual connections between the sourcetext and the target text and provide fresh new theoretical support for the of the translation studies.

This thesis can be divided into six parts.

In the Introduction, the author displays a brief introduction of the researchbackground, research significance, the methodology, and the structure of the thesisrespectively.

Chapter One is the review of the previous studies on Biancheng and its Englishtranslations both at home and abroad.

Chapter Two is primarily concerned with the establishment and development of thetheory of intertextuality, and then the relationship between the theory of intertextualityand translation will be presented.

Chapter Three is about Biancheng and its two English translations.

It not onlypresents a brief introduction of Shen Congwen, but also elaborates the description of thetwo translators---Gladys Yang and Jeffrey C.

Kinkley.

Meanwhile, it provides us withthe background information about the formation process of these two English versions.

Chapter Four is the main body of the thesis.

The author initiates the comparativestudy of the two English versions of Biancheng by detailed analysis of five differenttypes of culture-specific items, namely linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture,The last part is the Conclusion.

The author holds that Biancheng contains a lot ofdifferent types of intertextual signals of Chinese culture-specific items which can betraced in other previous texts.

At the same time, because of the different environmentand cultural background, the two translators share different understandings on theintertextual signals of those culture-specific items, resulting in the two translators'

different choices of different translation strategies.

Gladys Yang's version involves bothdomestication and foreignization, and foreignization occupies a larger percentage.

Asthis version got published in 1981, the readers from the English speaking countriescould grasp the style and content of the translated version in a rather difficult way;while Kinkley's version was out in , and he tended to use more foreignization thanthat of Gladys Yang, which helped to meet the needs of those foreign readers who notonly possessed basic knowledge of China and Chinese culture, but also yearned forhaving a better understanding of Chinese culture.

In addition, Kinkley's versionsuccessfully maintained the local flavor of the source text, helps transmit Chineseculture to the world, and making it a worthwhile material for further study.

Abstract

With the development of optical networks, the architecture of optical networkbecome more and more complex, so the demand to establish monitoring network foroptical network is urgent and necessary.

Traditional optical network monitoring systemfocused on the terminal of equipment, take the form of protection switching when thebreakdown of network to keep the integrity of the network,but this method can not givethe type and location of breakdown in optic cable.

“Multi-fible monitoring system” isproposed to solve this problem.

This system, based on the principle of backscatter, consists of OTDR block,opticalswitching, computers, embedded operating systems etc.

It establishes a monitoring systemwhich could efficiently manage the complex optical networks.

In this thesis,it firstlyintroduces the present research background of OTDR,describes the optical principle offiber measurement and the structure of modern digital OTDR block;then it gives thearchitecture of the fiber monitoring system which consist of MCU,OTDR block,opticalswitching,Ethernet and management software;at last it mainly introduces the self-defineprotocols,with these protocols we can request measurement,modify IP address ofMCU,switch the fiber link we measured,cancel the measurement and store the result ofmeasurement.

英语摘要xxx 第5篇

《红楼梦》文章摘要

虽不敢在各位前辈面前班门弄斧,不求诸位能苟同晚生的观点,但还是把鄙人的心得体会与大家共享,赞同也好,不赞同也罢,各有各的看法和观点,也不必跟彼此过不去!还请诸位红学前辈多多指教!

从人间凡人的角度来看,黛玉体弱多病,第三回她一出场,就是那么一种身体面貌怯弱不胜的状态,她的不足之症,是一望而知的。当然,xxx塑造的这个形象,虽然病态,却极有美感,叫做有一段自然的风流态度,虽非健康美女,却又胜似健康美女,宝玉爱她,固然首先是心灵相通,但对她的外貌风姿,也确实是为之倾倒。

所以,并不是只是情人眼里出西施,黛玉本来就是个美人胚子,有些红学研究者说黛玉只是在宝玉的眼里看上去美,这个观点是错误的!况且,在第三xxxxxx确实写的很美:笼烟眉含露目心较比干多一窍,病如西子胜三分!完完全全一个弱柳扶风的林妹妹,怎么会单纯的是一个病态?从xxx黛玉的那一笔,我们就可以知道单单看黛玉的外貌,也是可以摄人魂魄的!

根据命运的设定,下凡后的黛玉,她那个眼泪,跟别的凡人不一样,却是有一定的总量的,那个总量,应该也就是在天界被灌溉的`雨露的那个量。因此,黛玉那个话,你还记得吗?其实就是告诉读者,绛珠仙草对神瑛侍者的还泪,剩余量是越来越少了,那么,一旦泪尽,当然也就是完成了偿还灌溉之恩的任务,就要再回到天界去了,也就是说,人间的黛玉,她的生命就结束了。尽管这以后,书里还写了几次黛玉哭泣流泪,但她将泪尽而逝,这是文本的神话式预先设定,后面一定会这样来写的。

英语摘要xxx 第6篇

Abstract:This thesis is an attempt to apply functionalism to literary translation and prove its feasibility by analyzing the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe causing by cultural gaps. Functionalism is a broad term for various theories that approach translation by focusing on the function or functions of texts and translations. And the four important representatives of functionalism are Katharina Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer, Justa Holz-Mnttri and Christiane Nord. This thesis attempts to apply the core rules of Skopostheorie –?to analyze the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe which is caused by cultural gaps, in the hope of gaining a better understanding of literary translation from the perspective of functionalism.

This paper is composed of four chapters. The first one is introduction. Chapter 2 introduces the German Functionalism and translation theories including a brief introduction to the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe and the author Defoe. Chapter 3 goes over the application of the main translation theory Skopostheorie in analyzing the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe causing by cultural gaps with analyzing the culture factor in translation. Besides, this chapter also analyses the limitations of Skopostheorie. In chapter 4, the final conclusion is that functionalism is also applicable to literary translation and can provide a different perspective in solving the untranslatability causing by cultural gaps.

Key Words: functionalism; skopostheorie; untranslatability; culture gaps; The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe

英文论文摘要模板

法律论文摘要英文翻译

商业特许经营“冷静期”条款之法律探析

Legal Research on the“Cooling off Clause” in Commercial Franchise

标题中,分析通常说“Analysis of”, 研究则说“Researchon”或者“Study on。标题尽量不要使用动词短语,更不能使用疑问句!要尽量将其名词化。

摘 要

Abstract

固定说法,只有这一个

_颁布施行的《商业特许经营管理特许条例》(以下称“《特许条例》”)第十二条规定,特许人和被特许人应当在特许经营合同中约定,被特许人在特许经营合同订立后一定期限内,可以单方解除合同。

The Regulation onthe Administration of Commercial Franchises (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulation”)was promulgated by the State Council in . Article 12 of the Regulation regulates “The franchiser and thefranchisee shall stipulate in the franchise contract that the franchisee mayunilaterally rescind the contract within a certain term after the franchisecontract has been concluded.”

首先要学会断句。汉语常用长句,将意义整合于一体,一句话表达很多意思。英语则首先强调逻辑和意思清晰,如果说不清楚,则一句话表达一个意思。如上例。

此处,生词不再一一解释,感兴趣者可以自学,但建议学会“以下简称”的正确说法。

学界将这一条款称为“冷静期”条款,即在特许经营合同订立后赋予被特许人在一定期限内享有单方面解除合同的权利,这是冷静期制度在我国商业特许经营领域的首次立法尝试,亦是参考了国外关于冷静期的立法例。

This article is generally called the “Cooling off Clause” inthe law research field, which means after the binding of the franchisecontract, the franchisee shall be entitled to dissolve the in a certain period. This is the first legislative establishmentof “Cooling off Rules” in domestic commercial franchises domain. It is also ademonstration of referencing international legislations in .

1. 什么是英文摘要?

ABSTRACT,是用最为浓缩的语言将你论文的核心内容表述出来。

删去属于文艺青年的文绉绉的形容词!删去属于二缺青年的“机器译文”!只留下普通、平实的内容。

2. 怎样写英文摘要?

可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要,如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。

概述(30词左右):用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。

例如:This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…

目的(30词左右):用To…就可以了,没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。

方法(50词左右):尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤,其中注意时态的使用。

常用的词汇有:test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。

结果(50词左右):直入主题地摆出结果,如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…

结论(60词左右):删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语,逐条罗列出结论。

展望(20词左右):指出研究对未来的意义,如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。

3. 英文摘要有多长?

一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要,特殊情况可以分成两到三段,但最好不要超过三段。

长度一般为200字到300字之间。

4. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称?

规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态,突出信息。

但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚,现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。

5. 英文摘要用什么人称?

最好不要出现I,we等第一人称代词,而是使用第三人称,如the author等。

6. 英文摘要用什么时态?

摘要的时态以一般现在时为主,表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。

在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时,用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。

描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时,总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。

注意:用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时:This paper aims to focus on… 而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时:This study investigated…

7. 一定不能出现的东西

不常见的术语,插图,表格,数学公式,化学方程式,中文标点,过多的形容词,无关的背景资料,自我评价等。

论文题目:On the Title of EST and Aesthetic Effect in Its Translation

Abstract: With the development of science and technology, translation of English of Science and Technology has become more and more important. A good title can help readers understand the main ideas about some articles of science and technology at the first step. And a good translation can also shows the artistic effect and the content of the translator. The author wants to offer all the translation learners some ways to attract more readers by researching the titles of EST and artistic effects of them in this essay.

Key words: EST; title; translation; artistic effects

摘要作为一种特殊的陈述性短文,书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同。摘要的写作时间通常在论文的完成之后,但也可以采用提早写的方式,然后再边写论文边修改摘要。首先,从摘要的四要素出发,通读论文全文,仔细将文中的重要内容一一列出,特别是每段的主题句和论文结尾的归纳总结,保留梗概与精华部分,提取用于编写摘要的关键信息。然后,看这些信息能否完全、准确的回答摘要的四要素所涉及的问题,并要求语句精炼。若不足以回答这些问题,则重新阅读论文,摘录相应的内容进行补充。最后,将这些零散信息,组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子,再进一步组成通畅的短文,通读此短文,反复修改,达到摘要的要求。

英语摘要xxx 第7篇

摘要(Abstract)

论文一般应有摘要,有些为了国际交流,还有外文(多用英文)摘要。

它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。

其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。

摘要应包含以下内容:

①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;

②研究的主要内容,指明完成了哪些工作;

③获得的基本结论和研究成果,突出论文的新见解;

④结论或结果的意义。

论文摘要虽然要反映以上内容,但文字必须十分简炼,内容亦需充分概括,篇幅大小一般限制其字数不超过论文字数的5%。

例如,对于6000字的一篇论文,其摘要一般不超出300字。

论文摘要不要列举例证,不讲研究过程,不用图表,不给化学结构式,也不要作自我评价。

撰写论文摘要的常见毛病,一是照搬论文正文中的小标题(目录)或论文结论部分的文字;二是内容不浓缩、不概括,文字篇幅过长。

英语摘要xxx 第8篇

如何写英文摘要

英语论文摘要是研究论文的重要组成部分,本文首先通过英语论文摘要的重要功能作用来阐明其重要性;并且分析在进行英语论文摘要撰写工作中,应把握摘要的两个主要特点-完整的语篇结构和精炼的语言,进而通过实际例子的对比分析,探讨如何把握摘要的主要特点之一-其完整的语篇结构。

【一】(背景):介绍论文研究的背景,描述前者研究存在哪些问题,为自己进行这个研究是为了尝试解决前者存在的这些问题做好铺垫。

(方法):介绍研究中所使用了哪些研究方法,需要注意的是:因为摘要字数有限,所以Method只是需要简单介绍一下即可,不要花太多篇幅介绍。

(结果):这部分直接写实验得到了什么结果,如果没有实验的就只需要阐述文章研究目的和结果。

(结论):论文相对前者的研究有什么创新或独到见解都要阐述在这里。

Abstract其实就是对整篇英文论文浓缩之后的精华部分。

其目的就要让读者就算没有阅读全文,也能从Abstract中知道这篇论文的核心内容。

所以,摘要的写作一定要在论文的开始就把整篇论文的研究目的或要解决的问题呈现给读者。

【二】1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,以提供论文内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地阐述论文重要内容的短文。

2、英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。

为此,英文摘要应重点包括4个要素,即研究目的、方法、结果、结论。

在这4个要素中,后2个是最重要的。

在执行上述原则时,有些情况下,英文摘要可包括研究工作的主要对象和范围,以及具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。

3、英文摘要句型力求简单,通常有10个意义完整语句顺畅的句子。

4、英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容,也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论,不得简单重复题名中已有的信息;

不用非公知公用的符号和术语,不用引文,除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文,缩略语、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明;

科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项,如采用法定计量单位,正确使用语言文字和标点符号等,也同样适用于英文摘用的编写。

【三】一、绪论

文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。

美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。

通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。

而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。

因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。

论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。

国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。

而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。

摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。

语言上要求尽量简炼。

摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。

科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。

书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。

摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。

写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。

二、要的类型与基本内容

英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。

gb7713—87规定,为了国际交流,科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。

原则上讲,以上中文摘要编写的.注意事项都适用于英文摘要,但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。

摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。

陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题,多半不介绍内容。

资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。

它可以包括三个组成部分

①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;

②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;

③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。

三、英文题名

1)题名的结构。

英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语(nounphrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。

例如:(贺兰山习见苔藓植物);(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。

短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。

各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。

题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义;况且陈述句不够精练和醒目,重点也不易突出。

少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,因为疑问句可有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。

例如:?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。

2)题名的字数。

题名不应过长。

国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。

例如,美国医学会规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格;美国国立癌症研究所杂志jnat cancerinst要求题名不超过14个词;英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。

这些规定可供我们参考。

总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词数越少越好。

3)中英文题名的一致性。

同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。

在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。

例如:工业湿蒸汽的直接热量计算,。

英文题名的直译中译文是“由湿蒸汽所传热量的直接计量”,与中文题名相比较,二者用词虽有差别,但内容上是一致的。

4)题名中的冠词。

在早年,科技论文题名中的冠词用得较多,近些年有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。

例如:.其中两处的冠词the均可不用。

5)题名中的大小写。

题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。

xxx母大写。

例如:

每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。

例如:

题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。

例如:Velocities.

目前b.格式用得最多,而c.格式的使用有增多的趋势。

6)题名中的缩略词语。

已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名中,否则不要轻易使用。