英文总结步骤 第1篇
learning summary
a month had gone, but i felt that my gains were very little.
in this month, i read some documents whose topics were labor relations, i found that a lot of were very similar, and some of them were so difficult that i could not understand them. at present, the labor relations in our country is not very harmonious, especially when the contract law had changed. i think the main problems the about labor relations are as follows: firstly, it is that the quality and legal awareness of the bosses and staffs were not very high, because of these a lot of disputes had happened. secondly, the laws in our country were not overall, as a result, the numbers of the contradictions were increased. thirdly, the government did not respect for the law enforcement, in some provinces, the government did not given the enterprises who had did some wrong things in order to their rapid economic development. i will spend a lot of time on them next month.
in this month, i got up at 6:40am and read english about an hour every morning. besides this, i spent more than an hour on listening to the new concept english .my english is very poor, i hope that i can improve my oral and listening english according to these.
at last, i think that i have not found a correct way to carry out my study, i must change this situation timely.
英文总结步骤 第2篇
I would write down lessons I learned each time (in my life handbook), I could then build upon my learnings.
Rather than deja vuing through life situations, every time I would think about how I could apply what I had learned
earlier and how I could do something different.
As a result, I kept moving forward in my growth.
因为我每次都会记下学到的经验教训(在我的生活手册里)，所以我从所学中慢慢成长。
每次总结后我都会想，下次遇到我会如何利用之前学到的改正错误，而不是一次次的重复犯错栽跟头。
就这样，我在成长的路上一步步前进。
up what you’ve done this year打包今年所做的事情
Many things can happen in a year and this is the perfect time to wrap them up.
Were there any ups and downs? Did you get a promotion? Did you recently quit your job and joined a new workplace? Did you just start up a business? Did you move to a new place? Did you just end an unhappy relationship? Did you move on from a bad partnership? Any major events took place? Or perhaps there are nothing significant that happened?
每年都会发生许xxx的事情，现在就是你把之前的事情打包的最佳时机。
生活中有一些起起落落?你升职了?最近刚辞职进入新的工作环境?刚开始创业?搬到新地方?刚结束一段不快乐的感情?走出了一段很糟的伙伴关系?发生了很多大事?也或许没什么重要的事情发生?
This is the time to wrap up the year.
It’s time to let go of past baggage, tie up the loose ends, tidy up your feelings, and get ready for what’s ahead.
现在是该打包这一年了，也是时候放下这些过去的包袱，做一些收尾让工作有始有终，收拾起情绪，准备迎接即将到来的新一年。
focus重新找到重点
After working for a few years, you’d find that the years sort of just start to blend into each other.
Soon it’s hard to tell one year apart from the next.
Subsequently, it’s so easy to fall into a routine without being conscious of it.
Sometimes I hear people commenting that they’re not sure what exactly they’ve been doing with the past few years of their lives, because everything just seems like the same.
工作了几年后你会发现，每年似乎开始有些混在一起的感觉，很难把它们区分开来。
然后不知不觉，工作就很容易变成例行公事的老套路。
有时候我会听到人们在说，不知道过去的几年具体都干了些什么，因为一切看起来都一样。
It’s just like driving.
When you’re driving in a car, it can be hard to see where you are and where you’re heading to.
On the other hand, pausing for a short moment to look at the map can be amazingly helpful.
Where are you right now? How far have you traveled? Where do you want to go to? Doing so helps you to regain focus.
这就像开车一样。
当你开车的时候，很难看出来你开到哪和要去哪。
而另一方面，如果你停下来看看地图，你会发现超级有帮助。
你现在正在哪儿?你走了有多远了?你想去哪儿?年终总结会帮你重新找到重点。
Like I mentioned above, doing my annual review is like getting the report card for my life.
How do I grade myself for this year? Do I give myself an A+? A? B?
C? D? or even F? This assessment reminds me if I have lived this year the way I had wanted to.
我之前提到过，写年终总结，就像拿成绩单一样。
今年给自己打多少分?A+? A? B? C? D? 还是F?
这样的自我评估会提醒我，让我反思过去的一年是否是我想要的生活方式。
the next year on a high note高起点开始下一年
Last but not least, your annual review will help you to start the next year on a high note.
As I’m going to share later in the post, doing your review includes setting your goals for the next year.
For this year 20**, my one single biggest goal was to build this blog.
So this year, while other people were figuring out what to make out of their year, I was a person on a mission.
By mid-year I had already exceeded some of my goals, and now that it’s the end of the year, I’ve accomplished what I had set out to do at the beginning, and more.
最后，年终总结会帮你从一个高起点开始下一年的工作和生活。
正如我稍后要跟大家分享的，年终总结会包括你下一年的目标。
20**年我的最大目标是建好这个博客，所以在这一年，当其他人还在找寻到底该干些什么的时候，我已经是一个有任务的人了。
年中的时候我就已经超额完成目标，现在到年末，我已经完成了年初的目标，甚至做的更多。
Exercise: Write Your Year End Review for 20**
练习：写下你的20**年终总结
Let’s get started on your year end review for this year!
从今年开始写下你的年终总结吧!
Take out your life handbook, or if you don’t have your life handbook, take out any notebook or blank piece of paper.
If you have a blog, you can copy the questions and answer them in your blog entry.
拿出生活手册，如果没有的话，就随便拿本笔记本或是张白纸。
如果有博客，也可以把这些问题复制过去在你的博客里回答。
Set aside some quiet time with yourself, for 30-45 minutes or so.
Now, write your answers to the following 6 questions:
给自己留出30到45分钟的安静时间，现在写下对这6个问题的回答：
are your biggest accomplishments this year? (Accomplishments here refer to any results you are proud of)
今年你最大的收获是什么?(这里的收获指任何你感到骄傲的结果)
are the biggest lessons you’ve learned this year?
今年最大的教训是什么?
a scale of 1-10, how satisfied are you with how you spent the year? (Or if you prefer giving grades, what grade would you give yourself for how this year
turned out, between F- to A+?) Why?
如果让你从1到10给自己打分，今年你对自己的满意程度是几分?(如果你喜欢分等级的话，那么从F-到A+你今年表现怎么样呢?)为什么?
do you want to accomplish next year, such that it’s your best year ever?
Alternatively:
最想完成什么样的目标让明年成为最棒的一年?或者：
If it’s now Dec 31 of next year, what do you want to see in your life?
如果现在是20**年12月31日，你希望自己生活是怎样的?
What does it take to make you feel a 10/10 satisfaction level at the end of next year?
到明年年底，什么事情会让你对自己百分百满意?
new habits to cultivate that will help you to achieve your goals in Q4?
为了实现第四个问题中的目标，你应该培养那些新习惯?
are your immediate next steps to achieve these goals?
为了实现这些目标，下一步你马上会进行什么?
Take as much time as you need to write your review.
These are the very same
questions I use for my personal review every year, so I’ve no doubt that you’ll
find them useful in yours.
写年终总结别着急，慢慢来。
每年我都会拿这些问题来问自己，所以我肯定你们会发现这些问题很有用。
If you want, you can get started with questions 1-3 first, which are more
reflection questions for the year.
Spend a couple of days to think about them,
before moving to questions 4-6, which are about the year ahead.
如果愿意的话，可以先从问题1到3开始，这些都是更值得思考的年终问题。
花上几天时间想一想，然后再回答问题4到6，这些是关于你来年的计划。
英文总结步骤 第3篇
总结名词英文
初中英语语法总结名词【1】
在中考单项选择试题中，除了时态，名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点：
一、可数名词与不可数名词
在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类，(1)分辨是哪一类名词，并根据结论做选择。(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化。(3)不可数名词的量化表达。所以，考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词，哪些是不可数名词。其次，还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es，如：
1desk---desks bed---beds piano---pianos
hat---hats bag---bags photo---photos
2bus---buses box---boxes
watch---watches brush---brushes
3tomato---tomatoes potato---potatoes
hero---heroes Negro---Negroes
4 leaf---leaves knife---knives
5baby---babies family---families
另外，还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式，如：
Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese
Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen
Russian---Russians American---Americans
German --- Germans
child---children foot---feet
man---men woman---women
tooth---teeth goose --- geese
deer---deer sheep---sheep
还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有： a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of
另外，大家应注意：单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化：单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数，意义上都是复数，因此，一般要与复数谓语动词连用，例如：
Class Five have a foreign friend.
五班有一位外国朋友。(这里的五班指五班的同学的。)
His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。(很显然，这里的family指家庭成员。)当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时， 意义上则是单数，因此，要与单数谓语动词连用。例如，
Our school team often plays well in our city.
我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。(这里的team 指整个队，但意义上仍为单数，故谓语动词用plays.
二、名词所xxx
名词所xxx有两种形式：一是加’s，一种是用xxx表示。一般情况下，指某人的某物用’s表示，而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示。另外，要注意凡是以s结尾的名词或规则名词的复数，不能直接加’s，而应该加-’即可。例如，boys’ clothes girls’ dresses。 不过，注意例外情况，例如， the boss’s handwriting，其中the boss’s 的-’s不可省略。因为在英语中，如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式，那么其名词所xxx仍加-‘s。那么你会说“xxx的小汽车”吗?对，Jones’s car。
下面我们来做一部分习题。
1. June 1st is ___ Day.
A. Child’s B. Childs’ C. Childrens’ D. Children’s
答案：D
2. I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teacher.
A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any
答案：B
3. There are two ___ and three ___ on the table.
A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks
答案：D
4. We have got a lot of___ today.
A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to do
D. book to read
答案：B
5. We could see __ children and hear ___ noise in the park.
A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many
答案：C
6. Will you pass me ___?
A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks
D. some chalks
答案：A
7. ___ has been invited to the dancing party.
A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers
D. Friends of her
答案：B
下面请大家自己练习一下。
1. September 10th is ___ Day.
A. the Teacher B. Teachers’ C. Teacher D. Teacher’s
答案：B
2. ---Can I help you, sir?
---I’d like to have 100___. I want the students to draw pictures on them.
A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper
答案：B
3. ---Would you like ___ milk, please?
---No, thank you. I still have some.
A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all
答案：A
4. ___ the old woman is in!
A. What good health B. How a good health C. What a good health D. How good health
答案：A
① What + a(n) + 形容词 + 单数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
② What + 形容词 + 复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
③ What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
④ How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语!
⑤ How + 形容词 + a(n) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
⑥ How + 主语 + 谓语!
5. I’m going to help ___ with ___ English.
A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancy’s, her
C. a friend of Nancy’s, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her
答案：B
6. The two desks here are ___. You may use the desk over there.
A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and Jane’s
D. Mary’s and Jane’s
答案：D
初中英语语法总结名词【2】
名词的定义：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。
名词的分类：
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns)，专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1)个体名词(Individual Nouns)：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns)：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3)物质名词(Material Nouns)：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。
名词的种类
物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算，称为不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。
(三)名词的数
1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式：
1.单数
英语中，如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时，要用名词的单数形式，表示名词的单数，要在名词前加冠词a或an。
This is a desk .
这是一张书桌。
There is an orange on the table .
桌上有一个橘子。
an orange 一个橘子
an new orange (×) → a new orange (○)
一个新橘子
a desk
a old desk (×) → an old desk (○)
一张旧课桌
a和an的使用区别
a加在以辅音开头的名词前，如a book，a pen。
an加在以元音开头的名词前，如an egg，an apple。
有时a，an后面紧接的不是单数名词，而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时，要看形容词开头字母的发音，而不是看名词。
2.复数
英语中，如果要表示两本书、三个学生、四把椅子这些两个或两个以上的概念时，要用名词的复数形式，名词的复数形式是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。变复数时情况如下：
(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s.
——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys
以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s]，以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。
(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.
——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕
(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es.
——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries,
strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])
(注：以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加)
(4)以元音字母。结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下：
①加—tomatoes,potato—potatoes
②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,—zoos,radio——radios
③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos
④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s,
(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos
⑤zero变复数时，既可加s,也可加
(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es.
——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief——thieves(res读音为[vz]
(注意：roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)
(6)有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母。
——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth, child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛)
请区别：German(德国人)—Germans (3)child—children
(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。
li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
这些词是可数名词，且单复数形式相同，所以可以写为：
This is a fish.
These are fish.
另外，fish作为鱼肉讲时是不可数的。
There is much fish on the plate.
(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。
eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors
9以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
9另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes(各种)鱼
另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。
apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister
但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。
men teachers,three women doctors
②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。
room Of students,two boxes Of pencils
可修饰名词的.常用词：?
1) 修饰可数名词与不可数名词：some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
2) 饰可数名词的有：many, (a)few, a large (great) number of?
3)只修饰不可数名词的有：much, (a)little, a great deal of
2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。
(1)常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.
(2)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等词修饰。
eg,much money,a little bread
(3)常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：twopiecesof bread
a piece of news 一条新闻
a piece of paper 一张纸
a piece of work 一项工作
容器表示
a cup of tea 一杯茶
a glass of water 一杯水
a bottle of orange 一瓶橘汁
a piece of paper 一张纸
a slice of bread 一片面包
如要表示两杯茶、四张纸这类概念时，在容器后加复数，如：
two cups of tea
两杯茶
four pieces of paper
四张纸
three glasses of water
三杯水
(4)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如：two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。
bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water
5.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread__________over there.(be)
6.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。
eg： fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙——sands沙滩; tea茶——a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸——a paper试卷、论文;wood木头——a wood小森林;room空间、余地——a room房间
(三)名词的所xxx(表示人或物的所属关系)
(1) 有生命的名词所xxx以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所xxx。
Beijing's street 北京的街道
today's newspaper 今天的报纸
ten minutes' walk 十分钟的路程
①不是以s结尾的名词变成所xxx时，在词尾加’s.
’s watch;Women’s Day
②以s结尾的名词变成所xxx时,只加’。
’office,students’rooms
③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有，只需在最后一个名词后加’s.
and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)
④两个或两个以上名词并列，表示分别所有，需在几个名词后都加’s.
’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和xxx的自行车(表示玛丽和xxx各自的自行车)
在某些句子里，名词所xxx修饰的词，往往可以省略。
John s bike is better than Mike's .
约翰的自行车比迈克的好。
5.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所xxx的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
(2)无生命的事物的名词所xxx常用of结构
map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room
(3)特殊形式
①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所xxx
boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)
the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)
China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口)
China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)
②双重所xxx
fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友
a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片
3、易错点
1)Help yourself to _________.
A. some chickens B. a chicken C. some chicken D. any chicken
答案: C (选择A的同学要注意chicken当鸡肉讲时不可数)
2)________ it is today!
A. What fine weather B. What a fine weather
C. How a fine weather D. How fine a weather
答案: A. (选择B的同学要注意weather不可数. 选择C和D的同学要注意weather是名词, 要用what来感叹.)
3) Which is the way to the __________?
A. shoe factory B. shoes factory C. shoe’s factory D. shoes’ factory
答案: A. (选择D的同学注意这里不是指名词所xxx, 而是名词作形容词的用法.类似的用法如: pencil box; school bag等.)
4) This class ________ now. Miss Gao teaches them.
A. are studying B. is studying C. be studying D. studying
答案: A. (选择B的同学要注意, 当这种概念名词当 “人”讲的时候要做复数处理.类似的还有: the police are running after the thief等)
英文总结步骤 第4篇
A month had gone, but i felt that my gains were very little.
In this month, i read some documents whose topics were labor relations, i found that a lot of were very similar, and some of them were so difficult that i could not understand them. at present, the labor relations in our country is not very harmonious, especially when the contract law had changed.? i think the main problems the about labor relations are as follows: firstly, it is that the quality and legal awareness of the bosses and staffs were not very high, because of these a lot of disputes had happened. secondly, the laws in our country were not overall, as a result, the numbers of the contradictions were increased. thirdly, the government did not respect for the law enforcement, in some provinces, the government did not given the enterprises who had did some wrong things in order to their rapid economic development. i will spend a lot of time on them next month.
In this month, i got up at 6:40am and read english about an hour every morning. besides this,?????? i spent more than an hour on listening to the new concept english .my english is very poor, i hope that i can improve my oral and listening english according to these.
At last, i think that i have not found a correct way to carry out my study, i must change this situation timely.
英文总结步骤 第5篇
英语口语【会开】
M: I call this meeting to order. Thank you all in attendance today, I know it's a busy day for you all. We have a lot of material to cover today. Did everyone get an agenda?
F: I need a copy of the agenda. Also, may I suggest something? I know we have many points to review today, but would it be possible to limit our meeting time to finish before four o'clock? Many of us still have a mountain of work to do before the day's end.
M: We should be able to finish everything up before then. Let's run through the major points first, and see where we're at. The first matter of business is to approve the minutes of our last meeting.
F: I propse we accept the minutes.
M: Good. Do I have a second?
F: I second.
M: motion carried. Now, next on our agenda is our budget review. Margaret, can you please fill us in on where the budget review stands?
F: I gave everyone a copy of the manual last week. We've had the review board going over everything, and they have come up with a final review. Here's a copy for everyone, and if you have any questions, you can talk to me after the meeting. Basically, the budget review has been completed, with maybe a few polishing details left.
M: What kind of action is required?
F: If everyone could take a look at the final review handout, if there're any objections or corrections, let me know. Next week, we can cast the final approval.
英语口语【会议总结】
A: Right, that ends the third and final part of our presentation. I'd like to end by emphasizing the main points. I'll give you a brief summary. There are three potential areas for development in the future: domestic, overseas market, and the internet. Each of these markets have their own particular need for marketing strategy.... for domestic, we can rely on past research, for overseas markets we depend heavily on our cultural consultants, and for the internet, we need to redo our image to appeal to a young set of consumers. Our main issue here is that we need to be sensitive to the needs of different markets in order to continue to see success. Mark, did you have anything to add?
B: Yes, I want to restate one more time the importance of reinventing our company's image to
appeal to different customer bases. I want to end with a true story that has to do exactly with what we've been talking about today....
英文总结步骤 第6篇
国际学术英语交流会议总结
I learned a lot from this simulated international conference on academic exchange , also we have some shortcomings.
At first, about the title of the graduate education reform , we choose the topic is the graduate tutor system reform.
Although the subject is good, the scope is too large, and two knotespeakers have on their own topic.
In addition, about the content of the international conference, without the whole meeting schedule, in other words, without a meeting outline, so made our conference process is not perfect.
At last but the least , about the simulation fidelity, if we pay more attention on the appearance, speech words,then the simulation can be called perfect.
英文总结步骤 第7篇
名词的定义：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。
名词的分类：
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns)，专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1)个体名词(Individual Nouns)：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns)：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3)物质名词(Material Nouns)：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。
名词的种类
物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算，称为不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。
(三)名词的数
1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式：
1.单数
英语中，如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时，要用名词的单数形式，表示名词的单数，要在名词前加冠词a或an。
This is a desk .
这是一张书桌。
There is an orange on the table .
桌上有一个橘子。
an orange 一个橘子
an new orange (×) → a new orange (○)
一个新橘子
a desk
a old desk (×) → an old desk (○)
一张旧课桌
a和an的使用区别
a加在以辅音开头的名词前，如a book，a pen。
an加在以元音开头的名词前，如an egg，an apple。
有时a，an后面紧接的不是单数名词，而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时，要看形容词开头字母的发音，而不是看名词。
2.复数
英语中，如果要表示两本书、三个学生、四把椅子这些两个或两个以上的概念时，要用名词的复数形式，名词的复数形式是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。变复数时情况如下：
(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s.
——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys
以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s]，以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。
(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.
——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕
(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es.
——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries,
strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])
(注：以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加)
(4)以元音字母。结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下：
①加—tomatoes,potato—potatoes
②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,—zoos,radio——radios
③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos
④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s,
(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos
⑤zero变复数时，既可加s,也可加
(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es.
——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief——thieves(res读音为[vz]
(注意：roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)
(6)有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母。
——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth, child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛)
请区别：German(德国人)—Germans (3)child—children
(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。
li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
这些词是可数名词，且单复数形式相同，所以可以写为：
This is a fish.
These are fish.
另外，fish作为鱼肉讲时是不可数的。
There is much fish on the plate.
(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。
eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors
9以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
9另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes(各种)鱼
另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。
apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister
但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。
men teachers,three women doctors
②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。
room Of students,two boxes Of pencils
可修饰名词的常用词：?
1) 修饰可数名词与不可数名词：some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
2) 饰可数名词的有：many, (a)few, a large (great) number of?
3)只修饰不可数名词的有：much, (a)little, a great deal of
2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。
(1)常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.
(2)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等词修饰。
eg,much money,a little bread
(3)常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：twopiecesof bread
a piece of news 一条新闻
a piece of paper 一张纸
a piece of work 一项工作
容器表示
a cup of tea 一杯茶
a glass of water 一杯水
a bottle of orange 一瓶橘汁
a piece of paper 一张纸
a slice of bread 一片面包
如要表示两杯茶、四张纸这类概念时，在容器后加复数，如：
two cups of tea
两杯茶
four pieces of paper
四张纸
three glasses of water
三杯水
(4)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如：two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。
bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water
5.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread__________over there.(be)
6.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。
eg： fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙——sands沙滩; tea茶——a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸——a paper试卷、论文;wood木头——a wood小森林;room空间、余地——a room房间
(三)名词的所xxx(表示人或物的所属关系)
(1) 有生命的名词所xxx以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所xxx。
Beijing's street 北京的街道
today's newspaper 今天的报纸
ten minutes' walk 十分钟的路程
①不是以s结尾的名词变成所xxx时，在词尾加’s.
’s watch;Women’s Day
②以s结尾的名词变成所xxx时,只加’。
’office,students’rooms
③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有，只需在最后一个名词后加’s.
and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)
④两个或两个以上名词并列，表示分别所有，需在几个名词后都加’s.
’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和xxx的自行车(表示玛丽和xxx各自的'自行车)
在某些句子里，名词所xxx修饰的词，往往可以省略。
John s bike is better than Mike's .
约翰的自行车比迈克的好。
5.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所xxx的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
(2)无生命的事物的名词所xxx常用of结构
map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room
(3)特殊形式
①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所xxx
boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)
the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)
China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口)
China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)
②双重所xxx
fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友
a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片
3、易错点
1)Help yourself to _________.
A. some chickens B. a chicken C. some chicken D. any chicken
答案: C (选择A的同学要注意chicken当鸡肉讲时不可数)
2)________ it is today!
A. What fine weather B. What a fine weather
C. How a fine weather D. How fine a weather
答案: A. (选择B的同学要注意weather不可数. 选择C和D的同学要注意weather是名词, 要用what来感叹.)
3) Which is the way to the __________?
A. shoe factory B. shoes factory C. shoe’s factory D. shoes’ factory
答案: A. (选择D的同学注意这里不是指名词所xxx, 而是名词作形容词的用法.类似的用法如: pencil box; school bag等.)
4) This class ________ now. Miss Gao teaches them.
A. are studying B. is studying C. be studying D. studying
答案: A. (选择B的同学要注意, 当这种概念名词当 “人”讲的时候要做复数处理.类似的还有: the police are running after the thief等)
初中英语知识点总结名词【2】
知识点总结
顾名思义，名词指的是表示事物名称的词，分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词包括人名、地名、时间名、报刊名、单位团地名等专有的名称，第一个字母大写，例如Lily，China，Sunday，The Times，Class One等。普通名词分为可数和不可数名词。可数名词表示一个的时候用单数形式，即原形，如a box. 表示一个以上用复数形式，如two boxes. 不可数名词一般没有复数形式，表示数量时要借助于a piece of，a glass of，a cup of等短语，如two pieces of paper.
另外，名词中还涉及到名词所xxx问题。名词所xxx表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式：一种是's所xxx，常表示有生命的事物，如Ann's book; 另一种是of所xxx，常表示无生命的事物，如the door of the room.。
注意：
1. 可数名词复数的规则变化：一般情况下在词尾加 s.如map-maps以字母s，x，ch，sh等结尾的名词加es，如bus-buses，watch-watches以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加es.例词：country-countries以 f/fe一般变 f/fe为v 加es，例词：leaf-leaves，thief-thieves以 o结尾的名词加s或es.对于初中阶段，以 o结尾的表示有生命的名词加es，如 tomato-tomatoes;以 o结尾的表示无生命的名词加s ，如zoo-zoos.
2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化：常见的不规则变化名词有man-men，woman-women，child-children，ox-oxengoose-geese，tooth-teeth，foot-feet，penny-pence，mouse-miceChinese-Chinese等。
3. 以s结尾的名词复数，变所xxx时在s后加“' ”，不以s 结尾的名词复数，在词尾加“'s”。
常见考法
对于名词的考察，通常是以单项选择或词语运用形式考查名词词义及其用法，以及学生在具体语言环境中灵活运用名词的能力。
误区提醒准确使用名词所xxx，尤其是作定语，关键是判断出所有关系。
准确使用专有名词，记住月份，星期，国名，语言，著名景点的名称，尤其注意首字母大写。
辨别并准确使用不可数名词、可数名词及其复数。
表示不可数名词的量，要注意用哪个量词及量词的单复数。
典型例题1：The doctor saved three _____ lives yesterday……
's B. children' C. child D. child's
解析：本题考查名词复数及所xxx的用法。题中three决定了后面要用复数children，而children和lives 又构成所有关系“三个孩子的生命”，并且children不是以s结尾的名词复数，所以用child的复数所xxxchildren's.答案：A
典型例题2：-Would you like some drinks，boys ?
-Yes ，__________，please.
oranges boxes of oranges C. some cakes boxes of orange
解析：根据题意“你们想喝点饮料吗?”，选项应该为饮料，故排除C;而在作为桔汁来讲的时候，是不可数名词，没有复数，故排除A和B;
答案：D
总结升华：在做涉及到名词的习题时，要从名词的数，名词所用格等方面考虑全面。